Washington’s Slave List, June 1799

Washington’s Slave List

[June 1799]

Editorial Note

The list of Mount Vernon slaves which GW drew up, probably some time in June 1799, included those slaves owned by him outright, those who were controlled by him as part of Martha Washington’s dowry, and a number who were rented by him in 1786 by contract with Mrs. Penelope French at the time he acquired her life rights to land that she owned on Dogue Run.

The slaves Washington owned in his own right came from several sources. He was left eleven slaves by his father’s will; a portion of his half brother Lawrence Washington’s slaves, about a dozen in all, were willed to him after the death of Lawrence’s infant daughter and his widow; and Washington purchased from time to time slaves for himself, mostly before the Revolution.

Washington also hired for varying periods of time individual slaves, usually skilled artisans, from neighbors and acquaintances. These do not appear on this slave list.

Only one other complete roll of the slaves at Mount Vernon has been found. In February 1786 Washington recorded in his diary all the Mount Vernon slaves, dower and personal, the farms on which they lived, and their jobs. The total at that time came to 216; it did not include Mrs. French’s slaves, the use of whom Washington acquired later in the year.

There are also in the Washington Papers at the Library of Congress Washington’s lists of his tithables in Truro and Fairfax parishes (where Mount Vernon lies) for every year from 1760 through 1774. These have been printed in the Papers, Colonial Series. These lists name slaves living at Mount Vernon but do not include children under the age of sixteen and a few elderly slaves who were not tithed. The lists of tithables also include the names of indentured white servants and other whites living on the farms, including GW’s overseers and managers. For further information on GW’s slaves, see Charles Lee to GW, 13 Sept. 1786, and especially note 4 to that document, GW to William Triplett, 25 Sept. 1786, and notes 3 and 5 (Papers, Confederation Series description begins W. W. Abbot et al., eds. The Papers of George Washington, Confederation Series. 6 vols. Charlottesville, Va., 1992–97. description ends , 4:247–49, 268–74), Memorandum: Division of Slaves [1762] and note to that document (Papers, Colonial Series description begins W. W. Abbot et al., eds. The Papers of George Washington, Colonial Series. 10 vols. Charlottesville, Va., 1983–95. description ends , 7:172–74), Division of Slaves, 10 Dec. 1754 (ibid., 1:227–31), and Diaries description begins Donald Jackson and Dorothy Twohig, eds. The Diaries of George Washington. 6 vols. Charlottesville, Va., 1976–79. description ends , 4:277–83.

Negros Belonging to George Washington in his own right and by Marriage

GW TRADESMEN &CA
NamesagesRemarks
NatSmith His WifeLucyD[ogue] R[un]dow[e]r
GeorgeDitto DittoLydiaR[iver] F[arm]Ditto
IsaacCarp[ente]r  KittyDairyDitto
JamesDitto40 DarcusMuddy HoleGW
SamboDitto  AgnesR.F.dowr
DavyDitto  EdyU[nion] F[arm]GW
JoeDitto  DolshySpin[ne]rdowr
TomCoop[e]r  NannyMuddy HoleGW
MosesDitto No Wife   
JacobDitto Ditto   
GeorgeGard[ene]r His wifeSallD.R.dowr
HarryDitto No wife   
BoatswainDitc[her] His wifeMyrtillaSpinrGW
DundeeDitto His wifeat Mr Lears  
CharlesDitto DittoFannyU.F.dowr
BenDitto DittoPennyR.F.GW
BenMiller DittoSinahMn Ho.dow.
ForresterDitto No Wife   
 
NathanCook31WifePegMuddy HoleGW
W. MuclusB[rick] Lay[e]r DittoCaptn Marshalls1  
JubaCarter No wife   
MatildaSpinner BosonDitcher  
FrankHo[use] Servt WifeLucy—Cook  
WillShoem[ake]r Lame—no wife2  
amount 24
MANSION HOUSE
Passed Labour
Frank 80No Wife   
Gunner 90WifeJudyR.F.GW
SamCook40DittoAlceMuddy HoleDitto
 amount 3   
Trades &ca not engagd in Cropping24   
Total  2[7] not cultivators of the Soil3 
DOWER TRADESMEN &CA
Namesages Remarks 
Tom DavisB: layr Wifeat Mr Lear’s 
SimmsCarpr DittoDaphne—French’s 
CyrusPost[ilio]n DittoLucyR.F.GW
WilsonDitto15no wife   
GodfreyCartr WifeMimaMn. Ho.dowr
JamesDitto DittoAllaDittoditto
HansonDist[ille]r No wife   
PeterDitto Ditto   
NatDitto Ditto   
DanielDitto Ditto   
TimothyDitto     
Sla[min] JoeDitchr WifeSyllaD.R.GW
ChrissHo. Ser: DittoMajr Wests4  
MarcusDitto no Wife   
LucyCook HusbandHo[use] Frank GW
Molly  No Husband5   
CharlotteSempst[res]s No husband   
SallHo[use] M[ai]d Ditto   
CarolineDitto Husb[an]dPeter Hardman  
KittyMilk Md DittoIsaa.CarprGW
AlceSpinr CharlesFreeman  
 
Betty DavisDitto Mrs Washington’s—Dick6  
Dolshy  HusbdJoeCarprGW
Anna  Dittoliv[in]g at George TownGW
Judy 21No Husband   
Delphy  Dittoditto  
Peter lameKn[i]tt[e]r No wife   
AllaDitto HusbdJamesCartrdower
amount 28
MANSION HOUSE
Will  WifeAggyD.R.GW
JoePostiln DittoSallR.F.Ditto
Mike  No wife—son to Lucy  
Sinah  HusbdMillerBenGW
Mima  DittoGodfreyWag[one]rdowr
Lucy   No Husband  
Grace  HusbdMr Lear’s Juba  
Letty  No husband   
Nancy  Dittoditto  
Viner  Dittoditto  
Eve 17Dittoa dwarf  
Delia 14Dittoher sister  
Children
Phil  Sonto Lucy  
Patty  daughterto Ditto  
Rachel 12Daughrto Caroline  
Jemima 9DittoDitto  
Leanthe 8DittoDitto  
Polly 6DittoDitto  
Peter—B. 4SonDitto  
Emery  Sonto Alce  
Tom  DittoDitto  
Charles  DittoDitto  
Henriette  DaughrDitto  
Barbara 10Dittoto Kitty  
Levina 6DittoDitto  
Elvey  Dittoto Charlotte  
Jenny  DittoDitto  
Eliza  DittoDitto  
Nancy 9Dittoto Betty D[avis]  
Oney 6DittoDitto  
Lucinda 2DittoDitto  
 
Daniel 6Sonto Anna  
Anna 4daugh.Ditto  
Sandy SonDitto  
Sucky 5daughrto Dolshy  
Dennis 2 mo.SonDitto  
John  Dittoto Mima  
Randolph  DittoDitto  
Nancy  daughrto Sinah  
Burwell  Sonto Lucy  
Passed labour
Doll  No husband   
Jenny  DittoDitto  
Old 2
Workers12
Children28
Amount42 Mansion House
House Serts Spinners &ca &ca28
Total70 Not employed in the Crops &ca
Geo: Washington2[7]
Dower70
In all9[7] not employed in the Crops
GW MUDDY HOLE F[ARM]
Namesage Remarks  
Gabriel30WifeJudyD.R.GW
Uriah24    
Moses19Sonto Darcus GW
KateoldHusbdWillMuddy Holedowr
NannydittoDittoTom—Cooper GW
Sacky40No Husband   
Darcus36HusbdJames—Carpr GW
Peg34DittoNathan—C[oo]k GW
Alce38DittoSam ditto GW
Amie30No Husband   
Nancy28HusbdAbram French
Molly26No Husband   
Virgin24HusbdGabl Mr Lear
Letty19No husband   
Kate long18daughr of Kate   
Kate sht18DittoAlceMuddy Hole 
 
Isbel16DittoSarah—dead  
Townshend14Sonto Darcus  
   Children  
Alce8Daughrto Darcus  
Nancy2Dittoditto  
Lucy11Daughrto Peg  
Diana8Dittoditto  
Alexander3Sonditto  
Darcus1Daughrditto  
Oliver11Sonto Nancy  
Siss8Daughrditto  
Martin1Sonditto  
George8Dittoto Alce  
Adam7Dittoditto  
Cecelia2Daughrditto  
Sylvia10Dittoto Molly  
James7Sonditto  
Rainey8Daughrto Amie  
Urinah2Dittoditto  
Billy2Sonto Letty  
Henry1Dittoditto  
Workers 18 
Children 18together 36
DOWER MUDDY HOLE F[ARM]
Namesage Remarks  
Davy—Ov[ersee]r56WifeMollyMuddy Holedowr
Will—Mink60DittoKatedittoGW
Molly76HusbandDavy—Ovr  
Patience14DaughtrDollyU. Farm 
Mary11DittoBettyditto 
Workers3 
Does nothing1 
Young1In all 5
Altogether at this Farm 41.
GW RIVER FARM
Namesage Remarks  
Robin80nearly passed labr   
Natt55WifeDollR.F.dowr
 
Ned56DittoHanhdittoditto
Ben—Cartr22    
Peg56Husbdold BenR.F.dowr
Judy55DittoGunna GW
Cloe55No husband   
Suckey50Dittoditto  
Suckey—Bay46husbdbelongg to Adans7  
Sall30DittoPostn Joe dowr
Rose28No husband   
Penny20HusbdBen Hubd GW
Lucy18DittoCyrus Post[ilio]n dowr
Hannah12daughrDaphne dead  
Daniel15Sonto SuckeyR.F. 
Henry11Sonto Sallditto 
Nancy11daugh.to Bay Sukeditto 
Children
Elijah7Sonto SallR.F. 
Dennis5DittoDittoditto 
Gutridge3DittoDittoditto 
Polly1daughrDittoditto 
Hagar6Dittoto Roseditto 
Simon4SonDittoditto 
Tom2DittoDittoditto 
Joe1DittoDittoditto 
Nancy4Daughrto Bay Sukeditto 
Passed labour
Ruth70husbdBreechydowr 
Workers17 
Children9 
Passed labr1together 27
DOWER RIVER FARM
Namesage Remarks  
Ben70Nearly donePeg for wife  
Breechy60not betterRuth his wife  
Johny39WifeEstherR.F.dowr
Richmond20No Wife   
Ned20    
Heuky17Sonto AgnesR.F. 
Joe22    
Esther40HusbdJohnyDitto 
Doll58HusbdNattR.F.GW
 
Lydia50DittoSmith Geo: GW
Agnes36DittoSambo—Car[pente]r GW
Alce26DittoLears John  
Fanny30DittoAlexanders8  
Betty20DittoLears Reuben  
Doll16No husbdDaugh. to Doll  
Cecelia14No husbdDitto to Agnes  
Jack12Sonto Doll  
Anderson11Dittoto Agnes  
Lydia11Daughrto Lydia  
Children
Ralph9Sonto SallR.F. 
Charity2DaughrDittoDitto 
Charles1SonDittoDitto 
Davy
6} 
4Cornelia’s Childn dece[ase]d dow.
2 
 
Lewis 
Alce 
Suckey4Daughtrto AlceR.F. 
Jude1DittoDittoditto 
Milley1Daughrto Bettyditto 
Peter9Sonto Dollditto 
HannaholdCooks—Husbd Nedditto 
Workers19 
Children10 
Cook1making 30
Altogether at this Farm 57.
GW DOGUE RUN FARM
Namesage Remarks  
Ben57WifePegD.R.Dowr
Long Jack60WifeMollyDittoGW
Dick46DittoCharityDittoDitto
Carter Jack40DittoGraceDittoDowr
Simon20No Wife   
Lawrence14Sonto Matilda GW
Judy—blind50HusbdGabrielMuddy HoleGW
Molly—Cook45Dittolong JackD.R.GW
Charity42DittoDickDittoDitto
Priscilla36DittoSlamin Joe Dowr
Linney27No husband   
 
Agnes25HusbdWillMann Ho.Dowr
Sarah20No Husband   
Betty16Ditto Ditto   
Sophia14Ditto DittoSiller’s daughr  
Savary13daughrto SillerD.R. 
Children
Penny11DittoDittoditto 
Israel10SonDittoditto 
Isrias3Dittoditto  
Christopher1SonDittoditto 
Fomison11Daughrto Charityditto 
Dick3DittoDittoditto 
Bartley6Dittoto Linneyditto 
Matilda1DaughrDittoditto 
Lucy2Dittoto Sarahditto 
Guy2Sonto Agnesditto 
Passed labour
Hannah60No Husbd partly an ideot  
Workers16 
Children10 
Pass’d labr1together 27
DOWER DOGUE RUN FARM
Namesage Remarks  
Lucy50HusbdSmith Natt GW
Sall Twine38DittoGardr George GW
Grace35DittoCartr Jack GW
Peg30DittoBenD.R.GW
Kate18Dittoa Negro of Moreton’s9  
Ned14Sonto LucyD.R. 
Children
Teney10Daughrto LucyD.R. 
Barbary11Daughrto Sall T.D.R. 
Abbay10DittoDittoDitto 
Hannah4DittoDittoDitto 
George1SonDittoDitto 
Roger10Dittoto GraceD.R. 
Molly6DaugrDittoditto 
Jenny3DittoDittoditto 
 
Billy6Sonto Peg ditto
Fendal2DittoDitto ditto
Peg8 Mo.DaughrDitto ditto
Passed labour
Sue70No Husband   
Workers6 
Children11 
Pass’d labr1Making 18
Whole amt at this Farm 45
GW UNION FARM
Namesage Remarks 
London64No wife  
Joe24   
Edy26HusbdDavy—Carp[ente]rGW
Children
Sarah6Daughrto Edy 
Nancy1Dittoditto 
Passed labr
Flora64No Husband  
Workers3 
Children2 
Pass’d labr1Making 6
DOWER UNION FARM
Namesage Remarks 
Sam Kitt78Wifeat Danl Sto<n>es10 
Cæsar50No Wife  
Paul36DittoDitto 
John16Sonto BettyU.F.
Betty62No husbdCooks 
Lucy50Husbdat Cap. Marshalls 
Fanny36DittoCharles—Ditchr 
Jenny34DittoMrs Washns George 
Rachell34No Husband  
Milly22DittoDitto 
Lucretia20DittoDitto 
Gideon13Sonto Betty 
 
Jamie11Dittoto Fanny 
Ephraim11Dittoto Rachel 
Children
Davy8DittoDitto 
Guss3DittoDitto 
Beck4DaughrDitto 
Eneas1SonDitto 
Elizabeth9Daughr to Doll
Suckey11Dittoat Mrs W.Ditto
Elias2 Mo.Son Ditto
Daphne5Daughrto Fanny 
Charles1SonDitto 
Felicia7Daughrto Jenny 
Jonathan3Sonto Ditto 
Hellam1DittoDitto 
Diana1Daughrto Milly 
Jesse6Sonto Patt dead 
Passed labour
Daphne70No Husband  
Doll52Lame & pretds to be so  
Workers14 
Children14 
Non-Workrs2Making 30
Whole amount at this Farm exclusive of French’s Neg[roe]s 36
RECAPITULATION
          Belonging to GW                   Dower            
     Workg    Childn       Workg    Childn   Grand
Where & how EmpldMenWomnboysgirlsboysgirlsTotalMenWomnboysgirlsboysgirlsTotalTotal
Tradesmen & others, not employed on the Farms—viz.        
Smiths2     2       2
Bricklayers1     11     12
Carpenters5     51     16
Coopers3     3       3
Shoemaker1     1       1
Cooks1     1 1    12
Gardeners2     2       2
Millers1 1   2       2
House-Servants1     124    67
Ditchers4     41     15
Distillery       4 1   55
Postilions       1 1   22
Waggoners & Cartrs1     12     23
 
Milk Maid        1    11
Spinners & Knitrs 1    117    89
Mansion-Ho.       39328154040
Muddy-hole3141 810362  2  440
River-Farm392264266921552854
Dogue Run F.67 17324 51 561741
Union-Farm21   25463 862732
 363243211911528421152632144259
Passed labr or that do not Work        
Muddy hole        1    11
River Farm11    211    24
Dogue Run 3    3 1    14
Union Farm 1    1 3    34
Mansion Ho.3     3 2    25
 403743211912429501152632153277
Hired fm Mrs. French992461040       40
Grand Total493667272916429501152632153317
A LIST OF NEGROS HIRED FROM MRS FRENCH
NamesAges Remarks 
WillOld but heartyLooks after the StockWife at Mrs French’s11 
Abramin his primeWifeat Muddy holeNancy
PaschallDittoNo wifelately lostCornelia M.H.
TomDitto 28No wifegetting Blind 
IsaacDitto 29Dittolives at Muddy hole Farm 
MosesDitto 26Plowman & Carter  
James24At the Distillery  
Julius23Carter12  
Spencer20Ditto and Mower13  
Sabine60Husband14  
Lucy55DittoMcCarty’s Georgea Knitter15
Daphne40DittoSimms CarpenterPlougher16
Delia35No Husband Spinner17
Grace28HusbandMrs Washns DavyPlougher18
Siss25DittoDitto JackDitto19
Milly18No Husband20  
Nancy16Ditto21  
Hannah14Ditto22  
Daniel16Sonof Delia’s 
Isaac14Dittoof Rosedeceased
Matilda13Daughrof Daphne 
Betty13DittoDelia 
Briney12DittoLucy 
Grace12DittoRosedeceased
   Children 
Stately10Sonof Lucy’s 
Renney6DaughrDitto 
Raison3DittoDitto 
Morgan2SonDitto 
Phœnix1DittoDitto 
Polly9Daughrof Daphne’s 
Maria2DittoDitto 
Jack7Sonof Delia 
Julia4Daugh.Ditto 
Nelly2DittoDitto 
Ambrose1SonDitto 
Bob10Dittoof Grace 
Sall8Daugh.Ditto 
Judy4DittoDitto 
Augusta1DittoDitto 
Nancy10Dittoof Sabine 
Men9 
Women9 
Workg Boy’s & Girls6 
Children16In all 40
AD, ViMtvL. The format of the document has been changed somewhat in order to fit easily on the pages. The slave list for Union farm has been moved to its proper place in the document; Washington wrote at the top of the Recapitulation page: “Union Farm ought to have been entered in this place; but by mistake, was carrd to the other side.” Abbreviations and contractions have been silently expanded when necessary for sake of clarity. A somewhat different list of only Mrs. French’s slaves was enclosed in Washington’s letter to Benjamin Dulany of 15 July 1799 (ALS [letterpress copy], NN: Washington Papers).

1Capt. Thomas Hanson Marshall (1731–1801) lived at Marshall Hall, just across the Potomac River from Mount Vernon, in Charles County, Maryland.

2Will was Washington’s old mulatto body servant Billy, or William Lee, who had served with him throughout the Revolution. See note 3 to Washington’s Last Will and Testament.

3Washington had a total “26” here because of a mistake in bringing a figure from the previous page. The mistake was repeated in his summing up of Mansion House and Tradesmen.

4Christopher was Washington’s current body servant who was with him at his death. Note: We disagree, and believe Image portrayed is that of William Lee at time of Washington's official family portrait sitting. 

His wife was either a slave or a free black woman living at Roger West’s. See note 11 to Tobias Lear’s Narrative Accounts of the Death of George Washington. 

5Molly, Charlotte, and Caroline—all listed here among the dower slaves—were in Washington’s room when he died. See Tobias Lear’s Narrative Accounts of the Death of George Washington.

6Mrs. Washington was Elizabeth Foote Washington, widow of Washington’s old manager and cousin Lund Washington, who lived at Hayfield, northwest of Mount Vernon. Several other Mount Vernon servants were married to slaves at Hayfield.

7“Adans” was probably Abednego Adams (1721–1809), Washington’s closest neighbor, who lived on Little Hunting Creek.

8This may be one of Robert Alexander’s (d. 1793) sons. Alexander had lived on a plantation upriver from Mount Vernon.

9Moreton was probably Archibald Moreton who lived near Belvoir on the road from Washington’s mill to Boggess’s house.

10This may be Daniel Stone who lived in Truro Parish on the road from Washington’s mill to Robert Boggess’s.

11Penelope Manley French lived at Rose Hill, on the back road to Alexandria.

12The slave list at NN, which was enclosed in GW’s letter to Benjamin Dulany of 15 July 1799, describes Julius as “A very good Carter, and can do any other work, although defective in Shape from his Infancy.”

13The slave list at NN describes him as “A good Carter and Mower and able at any business.”

14The slave list at NN calls her “A good working woman, notwithstanding her <age>.”

15Daniel McCarty, Jr. (1759–1801), lived at Cedar Grove on Pohick Bay. The slave list at NN describes Lucy as “Lame, or pretends to be so occasioned by rheumatic pains, but is a good knitter, & so employed.”

16The slave list at NN claims she “Ploughs very Well, and is a good hand at any work.”

17The slave list at NN describes her as “Equally good at the Spinn<ing Wheel> or Hoe, but has been kept chiefly at the form<er>.”

18The slave list at NN calls her “A very good Plougher—and equally so at all sorts of Work.”

19The slave list at NN claims she “Ploughs Well—and can Milk & Churn.”

20The slave list at NN describes her as “A full grown Woman, and <illegible>ly; has been used to Common work only.”

21The slave list at NN describes her as “The same—in all respects.”

22The slave list at NN claims she is “nearly at her full growth and a woman in appear[anc]e.”

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